Computer Science and Engineering
Practice materials
Computer Science and Engineering
Practice materials
Computer Science and Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Practice materials
Computer Science and Engineering
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Finance in Business of CITY COLLEGE under the University of Calcutta has worked under my supervision and guidance for her Project Work and prepared a Project Report with the title A STUDY ON ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA which she is submitting, is her genuine and original work to the best of my knowledge.
Signature Name of Prof. Md Mahfuzur R. Mullick Designation: Assistant Professor Name of the College: CITY COLLEGE
I would like to express my extreme gratitude to Prof. Md Mahfuzur Rahman Mullick for providing his valuable time and inputs without which the completion of this project would not have been possible. I am extremely thankful to him not only for his valuable assistance but also for his moral support which motivated me from time to time to complete this project.
I would like to thank my friends and colleagues for their help and support during the making of this project. Their inputs added many colours and variety to my project.
I would like to thank my parents and siblings for having faith in me and providing me with sufficient resources which were needed for the successful completion of this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank The Almighty for giving me strength and knowledge to successfully carry out the steps required for the completion of this project.
Sl. NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.
1. BACKGOUND 1.1 1.2 Review 1.3 of the Study 1.4 1. Limitations
####### 2. CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW
2.1 2.2 2.2 of E-banking 2.3 and International Scenario
####### 3. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
####### 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5. References 27
Rajesh Kumar Srivastava (2011) investigated that Internet banking is still at infancy stage in the world. Many studies focused on usage of internet banking but many factors on non-usage were overlooked. This research was carried out to validate the conceptual model of internet banking. The causes were identified and researched through correcting the causative factors so that internet banking can be used by more people. The research is focused on what are the customer‘s perceptions about internet banking and what are the drivers that drive consumers. How consumers have accepted internet banking and how to improve the usage rate were the focus of research area in this study. Qualitative exploratory research using questionnaire was applied. 500 respondents were selected for study after initial screening. They were all bank customers. The study revealed that education, gender, income plays an important role in usage of internet banking. Not much research has been done on these areas as they were focused more on the acceptance of technology rather than on people. The research corroborated the conceptual framework stating that if skills can be upgraded there will be greater will to use internet banking by consumers. Inhibitory factors like trust, gender, education, culture, religion, security, and price can have minimal effect on consumer mindset towards internet banking.
Rao et al. (2011) identified a theoretical framework of Internet banking in India and found that as compared to banks abroad, Indian banks offering online services still have a long way to go. For online banking to reach a critical mass, there has to be sufficient number of users and the sufficient infrastructure in place. I. has introduced new business paradigms and is increasingly playing a significant role in improving the services in the banking industry. Internet banking is becoming more and more popular today, as is banking via digital television. Beyond doubt, a substantial part of the future of banking business lies in a banking environment that is less and less branch-based and where customers are able to access banking services remotely. The automated service quality research has been limited to relationship management rather than service quality or its acceptance by consumer.
The main objectives of the study are_ To understand the genesis and concept of Online-Banking. To analyze the importance, functions, advantages and limitations of Online-Banking. To explain the different form of Online-Banking and to analyze the rules & regulation regarding Online-Banking guided by RBI. To highlighting on the security problems of Online-Banking and how to reduce the security issues with the help of security control tools. To analyze the trend of Online-Banking with the help of primary data. To analyze the present e-banking scenario concerned with ATM, Internet banking, Mobile banking, credit card-debit card, fund transfer and other e-banking services. To examine the impact of ATM, Internet banking, Mobile banking and Credit cards on customer satisfaction by analyzing the problems faced by the customers
Primary Source: The study is based on both of primary and secondary data. For the purpose of case study primary data have been collected from the people of UTTARPARA through phone calls, social network and direct interview from them.
Secondary Source : The secondary data have been collected from different articles & website resources such as wikipedia, google.co and so many others. We have used simple pictures, tables, & graphs to analysis & present the data. Apart from this I also followed my supervisor’s instructions to finish the project..
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A ratio is simple arithmetical expression of the relationship of one number to another. It may be defined as the indicated quotient of two mathematical expressions. A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Security analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios. Ratio analysis is a process of determining and interpreting relationship between the items of financial statements to provide a meaningful understanding of the performance and financial position of the enterprise. Ratios are calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. Ratio analysis is predominately used by proponents of fundamental analysis.
The use of ratio analysis is not confined to financial manager only. There are different parties interested in the ratio analysis for knowing the financial position of a firm for different purposes. Various accounting ratios can be classified as follows:
It includes the following.
Balance sheet (or) position statement ratio : They deal with the relationship between two balance sheet items, e. the ratio of current assets to current liabilities etc., both the items must, however, pertain to the same balance sheet. Profit & loss account (or) revenue statement ratios : These ratios deal with the relationship between two profit & loss account items, e. the ratio of gross profit to sales etc., Composite (or) inter statement ratios : These ratios exhibit the relation between a profit & loss account or income statement item and a balance sheet items, e. stock turnover ratio, or the ratio of total assets to sales.
These include liquidity ratios, long term solvency and leverage ratios, activity ratios and profitability ratios.
Some ratios are important than others and the firm may classify them as primary and secondary ratios. The primary ratio is one, which is of the prime importance to a concern. The other ratios that support the primary ratio are called secondary ratios.
The following are the important advantages of the accounting ratios.
It is a known fact that ratios are useless if they are not compared with ratios from similar entity. You must compare likes to have realistic information. In practice, it is impossible to consciously find two companies that are identical in every sense.
No two humans will give two exact judgments even while presented with the same information. Personal sense of judgment must be introduced and this makes it prone to having personal investment bias.
Yes, an investment ratio analysis cannot be used in isolation. It must be combined with some other information from other sources. This makes it possible for element of wrong judgment to be introduced into the decision making variables through the introduction of information from unreliable and unverifiable source.
Ratio analyses are just guide and never a definite or concrete assertion. This makes it possible for wrong investment decision to be taken. Investment ratio analysis is not like mathematics and is therefore susceptible to inflows of noise.
There are no generally acceptable formats for presenting and interpreting ratios. This is in addition to the fact that ratio analyses are subjective in nature.
The specific objectives of the study is to successfully compare two prominent service sector companies on a common platform, analyze their working and performance, and highlight what they are doing well, while providing suggestions and recommendations for improvement. SHREE CEMENT AND AMBUJA CEMENT were chosen because of their identical pattern in functioning and growth. They are the two major players in the Indian cement industry, and their customers consider both as interchangeable brands. This is why it is important to study how these brands differentiate themselves from each other, and attempt to improve brand loyalty amongst their customers.
The sample chosen for this study are the two renounced cement companies ‘SHREE CEMENT’ and ‘AMBUJA CEMENT’ because of their identical pattern of functioning and growth. Shree Cement Ltd is one of India's premier cement makers. Currently its manufacturing operations are spread over North and East India across six states. Its current installed capacity stands at 34 million tonnes. The company is an energy conscious & environment friendly business organization. They have three brands under their portfolio namely Shree Ultra Jung Rodhak Cement Bangur Cement and Rockstrong Cement. Their manufacturing units are located at Beawar Ras Khushkhera Suratgarh and Jobner (Jaipur) in Rajasthan Laksar (Roorkee) in Uttarakhand Aurangabad in Bihar Panipat in Haryana Baloda Bazar in Chhattisgarh and Bulandshahr in Uttar Pradesh. The company is headquartered in Kolkata India. Shree Cement Ltd was incorporated in the
Ratio analysis of financial statements are being used for both the companies to analysis their growth and to show a comparative study of both the company and their existence in the market. The ratios used for the study are: Liquidity or Solvency ratios Profitability ratios Simple charts, tables, bar diagrams and structures have been used to present and explain the available data more clearly.
Liquidity or Solvency ratio is one of the various ratios used to measure the ability of a company to meet its short and long term debts. Moreover, the ratio quantifies the size of a company’s after tax income, not counting non-cash depreciation expenses, as contrasted to the total debt obligations of the firm. Also, it provides an assessment of the likelihood of a company to continue congregating its debt obligations. Certain ratios used under liquidity or solvency ratio for explaining the financial position of the firm are: Current Ratio Quick Ratio Debt Equity Ratio
Current Ratio indicates a company's ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. The higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Commonly acceptable current ratio is 2; it's a comfortable financial position for most enterprises. FORMULA:- Current Ratio = Current Assets – Current Liabilities Where; Current Asset = Stock + Debtors + Bills Receivables + Cash + Bank + Marketable Securities + Prepaid Expense + Accrued Interest + Advance (short term). Current Liabilities = Creditors + Bills Payable + Bank Overdraft + Outstanding Expenses +
2016- 2017- 2018- 2019- 0.
Income Received in Advance + Short term obligations.
TABLE NO :- 1 (showing a comparison of current ratio of SHREE CEMENT AND AMBUJA CEMENT in the consecutive four years)
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-
** NOTE – The figures calculated above in the table is extracted from the financial annual report of both the companies.
GRAPH NO :- 1 (showing the current ratio of both the companies as extracted from table no. 1)
X- axis measure the consecutive years and the company while Y -axis measures the current ratio.
2016- 2017- 2018- 2019-
GRAPH NO :- 2 (showing the quick ratio of both the companies as extracted from table no.
Y- axis measure the Quick Ratio and X -axis measures the consecutive years for both the companies.
COMMENT:-
By computing the quick ratio of both the companies we see that AMBUJA MOTOR is at a better condition than SHREE CEMENT and can pay of its current liabilities more soon. Thus,showing a good sign to the investors. So it is better to invest in AMBUJA CEMENT than in SHREE CEMENT from the point of view of creditors, bankers, lenders etc.
####### DEBT EQUITY RATIO
Debt equity ratio measures the relationship between long-term debts and equity. If debts component of the total funds employed is small, outsiders feel more secure. From security
point of view, capital structure with less debt and more equity is considered favorable as it reduces the chance of bankruptcy.
FORMULA:- Debt-equity ratio = Long term debts / Shareholders fund
Where, Long term debts = Debentures + Long-term loans. Shareholders fund = Equity Share Capital + Reserves and Surplus – Fictitious Assets
TABLE NO :- 3 (showing a comparison of debt equity ratio of SHREE CEMENT AND AMBUJA CEMENT in the consecutive four years)
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-
** NOTE – The figures calculated above in the table is extracted from the financial annual report of both the companies.
GRAPH NO :- 3 (showing the debt equity ratio of both the companies as extracted from table no. 3)
